Which option best lists indications for thermotherapy?

• A. Acute injuries only.
• B. Infections and open wounds.
• C. Subacute/chronic inflammation, pain, ecchymosis, muscle soreness, tissue healing, decreased ROM.
• D. Fractures.

Answer: (C)

Thermotherapy is most appropriate when tissues are in the subacute to chronic phase and heating can help reduce pain, stiffness, and promote healing. Elevating tissue temperature increases blood flow and metabolic activity, which improves tissue extensibility of collagen, helps relax muscle spasm, and can lessen pain through gentle nerve and reflex effects. This increased circulation also supports tissue healing by delivering more nutrients and removing waste products. The presence of ecchymosis can benefit from warming because heat can assist the reabsorption of pooled blood by promoting circulation. So indications include subacute/chronic inflammation, pain, ecchymosis, muscle soreness, tissue healing, and decreased range of motion. Thermotherapy is not indicated for acute injuries, infections or open wounds, or fractures, where cold therapy or other approaches are preferred.